By default, Java’s PriorityQueue uses natural ordering, but we can customize the sorting rules in several ways. This article will introduce three common methods and analyze possible errors and their solutions.

1. Implementing the Comparable Interface

Allow the object to implement the Comparable interface and override the compareTo() method to define the natural sorting order of the object. This is suitable for cases where a “natural order” exists.

class Student implements Comparable<Student> {
    private int age;

    public Student(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(Student other) {
        return Integer.compare(this.age, other.age);
    }
}

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>();
students.add(new Student(20));
students.add(new Student(18));
students.add(new Student(22));

while (!students.isEmpty()) {
    System.out.println(students.poll().getAge());  // Output order: 18, 20, 22
}

2. Using the Comparator Interface

Pass a custom Comparator object when constructing the PriorityQueue to implement custom sorting logic.

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>(new Comparator<Student>() {
    @Override
    public int compare(Student s1, Student s2) {
        return Integer.compare(s1.getAge(), s2.getAge());
    }
});

3. Using Lambda Expressions

In Java 8 and later versions, you can simplify the Comparator using lambda expressions. Note that Comparable must be implemented inside the class and cannot be expressed using lambda expressions.

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>(
    (s1, s2) -> Integer.compare(s1.getAge(), s2.getAge())
);

Or:

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>(
    Comparator.comparingInt(Student::getAge)
);

Note: Handling Primitive Types and Wrapper Types in Comparisons

When performing comparisons, if you are using primitive types (e.g., int), you cannot directly call methods like compareTo() because primitive types do not have methods. You need to use wrapper types (e.g., Integer) or static comparison methods to handle this.

Common Error Analysis

The following code will lead to a compilation error:

class Student {
    private int age;

    public Student(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
}

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>((s1, s2) -> {
    return s1.getAge().compareTo(s2.getAge());
});

Error Reason: The getAge() method returns an int, which is a primitive type and cannot call the compareTo() method. The compiler will throw the error: “int cannot be dereferenced.”

Solutions:

1. Change age to the wrapper type Integer:

class Student {
    private Integer age;

    public Student(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }
}

This way, getAge() returns an Integer, and you can call the compareTo() method.

2. Use the Integer.compare(int x, int y) method without modifying the age type:

PriorityQueue<Student> students = new PriorityQueue<>((s1, s2) -> {
    return Integer.compare(s1.getAge(), s2.getAge());
});

Or:

PriorityQueue<Student> students = a new PriorityQueue<>(
    Comparator.comparingInt(Student::getAge)
);